1. In non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the problem is to minimize A − W H. Dimensions are A (m x n), W (m, k) and H (k, n). The matrix H reveals soft clustering assignments of n items over k clusters, and is called clustering indicator matrix. Values in H are constrained to have nonnegative numbers. Pipeline for GWAS clustering using Bayesian non-negative matrix factorization (bNMF) The bNMF procedure, as applied here, is used to detect clusters of GWAS variants for some outcome of interest based on the associations of those variants with a set of additional traits. This pipeline includes pre-processing steps (such as quality control of ... Nov 27, 2018 · Luong, K., Nayak, R. (2019). Clustering Multi-View Data Using Non-negative Matrix Factorization and Manifold Learning for Effective Understanding: A Survey Paper. In: P, D., Jurek-Loughrey, A. (eds) Linking and Mining Heterogeneous and Multi-view Data. Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning. Apr 1, 2022 · Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SNMF) is a fundamental unsupervised representation learning technique, and it represents low-dimensional features of a data set and lends itself to a clustering interpretation. Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a data mining technique that splits data matrices by imposing restrictions on the elements' non-negativity into two matrices: one representing the data partitions and the other to represent the cluster prototypes of the data set.Mar 1, 2021 · Graph-regularized non-negative matrix factorization (GNMF) is proved to be effective for the clustering of nonlinear separable data. Existing GNMF variants commonly improve model performance by adding different additional constraints or refining the model factorization form, which can lead to problems such as increased algorithm complexity or ... Jul 26, 2019 · As a classical data representation method, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) can well capture the global structure information of the observed data, and it has been successfully applied in many fields. It is generally known that the local manifold structures will have a better effect than the global structures in image recognition and clustering. The local structure information can well ... In this paper, we propose SS-NMF: a semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization framework for data clustering. In SS-NMF, users are able to provide supervision for clustering in terms of pairwise constraints on a few data objects specifying whether they "must" or "cannot" be clustered together. 1. NMF (non-negative matrix factorization) based methods. NMF factorizes the non-negative data matrix into two non-negative matrices. 1.1 AAAI17 Multi-View Clustering via Deep Matrix Factorization (matlab) Deep Matrix Factorization is a variant of NMF. 1.2 ICPR16 Partial Multi-View Clustering Using Graph Regularized NMF (matlab) Aug 6, 2018 · Non-negative matrix factorization with custom clustering: NMFk. NMF is a well-known unsupervised machine learning method created for parts-based representation 19,20 that has been successfully ... Mar 31, 2022 · Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which has widely used in multi-view clustering because it has straightforward interpretability for applications and can learn low-dimensional representation with more discriminative features [15,16,17]. It can decompose multi-view data of different dimensions into a subspace with the same dimension. Oct 22, 2019 · Background As one of the most popular data representation methods, non-negative matrix decomposition (NMF) has been widely concerned in the tasks of clustering and feature selection. However, most of the previously proposed NMF-based methods do not adequately explore the hidden geometrical structure in the data. At the same time, noise and outliers are inevitably present in the data. Results ... Nov 27, 2018 · Luong, K., Nayak, R. (2019). Clustering Multi-View Data Using Non-negative Matrix Factorization and Manifold Learning for Effective Understanding: A Survey Paper. In: P, D., Jurek-Loughrey, A. (eds) Linking and Mining Heterogeneous and Multi-view Data. Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning. Aug 20, 2006 · W. Xu, X. Liu, and Y. Gong. Document clustering based on non-negative matrix factorization. In SIGIR, pages 267--273, 2003. Google Scholar Digital Library; D. Zeimpekis and E. Gallopoulos. Clsi: A flexible approximation scheme from clustered term-document matrices. Proc. SIAM Data Mining Conf, pages 631--635, 2005. Google Scholar Cross Ref We show that the Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the non-negative factors is the solution to a weighted regularized non-negative matrix factorization problem. We subsequently derive update rules that converge towards an optimal solution. Third, we apply the PNMF to cluster and classify DNA microarrays data. Aug 1, 2021 · Recently semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has received a lot of attentions in computer vision, information retrieval and pattern recognition, because that partial label information can produce considerable improvement in learning accuracy of the algorithms. However, the existing semi-supervised NMF algorithms cannot make ... May 1, 2017 · Therefore, we have developed intNMF, an integrative approach for disease subtype classification based on non-negative matrix factorization. The proposed approach carries out integrative clustering of multiple high dimensional molecular data in a single comprehensive analysis utilizing the information across multiple biological levels assessed ... Jun 1, 2022 · Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a famous method to learn parts-based representations of non-negative data. It has been used successfully in various applications such as information retrieval and recommender systems. Most of the current NMF methods only focus on how each decomposed matrices vector should be modeled and disregard the ... Jul 22, 2022 · matrix-factorization constrained-optimization data-analysis robust-optimization gradient-descent matlab-toolbox clustering-algorithm optimization-algorithms nmf online-learning stochastic-optimizers nonnegativity-constraints orthogonal divergence probabilistic-matrix-factorization nonnegative-matrix-factorization sparse-representations Nov 27, 2018 · Luong, K., Nayak, R. (2019). Clustering Multi-View Data Using Non-negative Matrix Factorization and Manifold Learning for Effective Understanding: A Survey Paper. In: P, D., Jurek-Loughrey, A. (eds) Linking and Mining Heterogeneous and Multi-view Data. Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning. Aug 20, 2006 · W. Xu, X. Liu, and Y. Gong. Document clustering based on non-negative matrix factorization. In SIGIR, pages 267--273, 2003. Google Scholar Digital Library; D. Zeimpekis and E. Gallopoulos. Clsi: A flexible approximation scheme from clustered term-document matrices. Proc. SIAM Data Mining Conf, pages 631--635, 2005. Google Scholar Cross Ref Dec 18, 2013 · Abstract Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) provides a lower rank approximation of a nonnegative matrix, and has been successfully used as a clustering method. In this paper, we offer some conceptual understanding for the capabilities and shortcomings of NMF as a clustering method. Then, we propose Symmetric NMF (SymNMF) as a general framework for graph clustering, which inherits the ... Oct 1, 2017 · A non-negative matrix factorization approach to extract heart sounds from mixtures composed of heart and lung sounds is addressed. Specifically, three contributions motivated by the clustering principle are presented in this work: two of these clusterings are based on spectral content and one is based on temporal content in order to ... Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Find two non-negative matrices, i.e. matrices with all non-negative elements, (W, H) whose product approximates the non-negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction. The objective function is:Mar 19, 2022 · 3 min read. ·. Mar 19, 2022. Non-negative Matrix Factorization or NMF is a method used to factorize a non-negative matrix, X, into the product of two lower rank matrices, A and B, such that AB ... A python program that applies a choice of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms to a dataset for clustering. clustering matrix-factorization least-squares topic-modeling nmf alternating-least-squares nonnegative-matrix-factorization active-set multiplicative-updates. Updated on Jun 10, 2019. Python. Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Find two non-negative matrices, i.e. matrices with all non-negative elements, (W, H) whose product approximates the non-negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction. The objective function is: Mar 24, 2013 · Background: Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been shown to be a powerful tool for clustering gene expression data, which are widely used to classify cancers. NMF aims to find two non-negative matrices whose product closely approximates the original matrix. May 1, 2017 · Therefore, we have developed intNMF, an integrative approach for disease subtype classification based on non-negative matrix factorization. The proposed approach carries out integrative clustering of multiple high dimensional molecular data in a single comprehensive analysis utilizing the information across multiple biological levels assessed ... Clustering-aware Graph Construction: ... Semi-Supervised Non-Negative Matrix Factorization with Dissimilarity and Similarity Regularization, Y. Jia, ... Jul 2, 2010 · Background Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning technique that has been applied successfully in several fields, including signal processing, face recognition and text mining. Recent applications of NMF in bioinformatics have demonstrated its ability to extract meaningful information from high-dimensional data such as gene expression microarrays. Developments in ... In this paper, we propose SS-NMF: a semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization framework for data clustering. In SS-NMF, users are able to provide supervision for clustering in terms of pairwise constraints on a few data objects specifying whether they "must" or "cannot" be clustered together. Oct 23, 2017 · Nonnegative matrix factorization and its graph regularized extensions have received significant attention in machine learning and data mining. However, existing approaches are sensitive to outliers and noise due to the utilization of the squared loss function in measuring the quality of graph regularization and data reconstruction. In this paper, we present a novel robust graph regularized NMF ... 1. In non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the problem is to minimize A − W H. Dimensions are A (m x n), W (m, k) and H (k, n). The matrix H reveals soft clustering assignments of n items over k clusters, and is called clustering indicator matrix. Values in H are constrained to have nonnegative numbers. Clustering-aware Graph Construction: ... Semi-Supervised Non-Negative Matrix Factorization with Dissimilarity and Similarity Regularization, Y. Jia, ... 1. In non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the problem is to minimize A − W H. Dimensions are A (m x n), W (m, k) and H (k, n). The matrix H reveals soft clustering assignments of n items over k clusters, and is called clustering indicator matrix. Values in H are constrained to have nonnegative numbers.Apr 1, 2022 · Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SNMF) is a fundamental unsupervised representation learning technique, and it represents low-dimensional features of a data set and lends itself to a clustering interpretation. 1. In non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the problem is to minimize A − W H. Dimensions are A (m x n), W (m, k) and H (k, n). The matrix H reveals soft clustering assignments of n items over k clusters, and is called clustering indicator matrix. Values in H are constrained to have nonnegative numbers.May 4, 2020 · To integrate this information, one often utilizes the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) scheme which can reduce the data from different views into the subspace with the same dimension. Motivated by the clustering performance being affected by the distribution of the data in the learned subspace, a tri-factorization-based NMF model with an ... Mar 19, 2022 · 3 min read. ·. Mar 19, 2022. Non-negative Matrix Factorization or NMF is a method used to factorize a non-negative matrix, X, into the product of two lower rank matrices, A and B, such that AB ... Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Find two non-negative matrices, i.e. matrices with all non-negative elements, (W, H) whose product approximates the non-negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction. The objective function is: Aug 1, 2021 · Recently semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has received a lot of attentions in computer vision, information retrieval and pattern recognition, because that partial label information can produce considerable improvement in learning accuracy of the algorithms. However, the existing semi-supervised NMF algorithms cannot make ... Given non-negative matrix X, NMF basically finds two non-negative matrices(W,H) whose product approximates X [24]. The reason why NMF has become so popular is because of its ability to automatically extract sparse and easily interpretable factors in high-dimensional spaces. NMF inherently follows a spectral clustering and if we find the May 21, 2022 · Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a data mining technique which decompose huge data matrices by placing constraints on the elements’ non-negativity. This technique has garnered considerable interest as a serious problem with numerous applications in a variety of fields, including language modeling, text mining, clustering, music ... Nov 19, 2021 · Non-negative factorization (NNMF) does not return group labels for the entries in the original matrix. However, just like with principal component analysis (PCA), the clustering step can be performed afterwards using k-means or some other clustering technique. Hence NNMF might be a useful step, but itself is not a method for finding clusters in ... Oct 23, 2017 · Nonnegative matrix factorization and its graph regularized extensions have received significant attention in machine learning and data mining. However, existing approaches are sensitive to outliers and noise due to the utilization of the squared loss function in measuring the quality of graph regularization and data reconstruction. In this paper, we present a novel robust graph regularized NMF ... Aug 1, 2021 · Recently semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has received a lot of attentions in computer vision, information retrieval and pattern recognition, because that partial label information can produce considerable improvement in learning accuracy of the algorithms. However, the existing semi-supervised NMF algorithms cannot make ... Sep 28, 2019 · Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Equation. Matrix Factorization form for clustering. Here, “X” is my data matrix which represents the data points in d-dimensions, where I have total “n ... Jul 2, 2010 · Background Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning technique that has been applied successfully in several fields, including signal processing, face recognition and text mining. Recent applications of NMF in bioinformatics have demonstrated its ability to extract meaningful information from high-dimensional data such as gene expression microarrays. Developments in ... A python program that applies a choice of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms to a dataset for clustering. clustering matrix-factorization least-squares topic-modeling nmf alternating-least-squares nonnegative-matrix-factorization active-set multiplicative-updates. Updated on Jun 10, 2019. Python. clustering and the Laplacian based spectral clustering. (2) We generalize this to bipartite graph clustering i.e., simultaneously clustering rows and columns of the rect-angular data matrix. The result is the standard NMF. (3) We extend NMFs to weighted NMF: W ≈ HSHT. (3) (4) We derive the algorithms for computing these fac-torizations. In this paper, we propose SS-NMF: a semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization framework for data clustering. In SS-NMF, users are able to provide supervision for clustering in terms of pairwise constraints on a few data objects specifying whether they "must" or "cannot" be clustered together. Mar 2, 2023 · Non-Negative Matrix Factorization: Nonnegative Matrix Factorization is a matrix factorization method where we constrain the matrices to be nonnegative. In order to understand NMF, we should clarify the underlying intuition between matrix factorization. For a matrix A of dimensions m x n, where each element is ≥ 0, NMF can factorize it into ... Jul 2, 2010 · Background Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning technique that has been applied successfully in several fields, including signal processing, face recognition and text mining. Recent applications of NMF in bioinformatics have demonstrated its ability to extract meaningful information from high-dimensional data such as gene expression microarrays. Developments in ... A python program that applies a choice of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms to a dataset for clustering. - GitHub - huspark/nonnegative-matrix-factorization: A python program that applies a choice of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms to a dataset for clustering. Aug 6, 2018 · Non-negative matrix factorization with custom clustering: NMFk. NMF is a well-known unsupervised machine learning method created for parts-based representation 19,20 that has been successfully ... Apr 22, 2020 · Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has attracted sustaining attention in multi-view clustering, because of its ability of processing high-dimensional data. In order to learn the desired dimensional-reduced representation, a natural scheme is to add constraints to traditional NMF. Aug 22, 2014 · 1) HNMF: our proposed Hyper-graph Regularized Non-negative Matrix Factorization encodes the intrinsic geometrical information by constructing a hyper-graph into matrix factorization. In HNMF, the number of nearest neighbors to construct a hyper-edge is set to 10 and the regularization parameter is set to 100. Oct 23, 2017 · Nonnegative matrix factorization and its graph regularized extensions have received significant attention in machine learning and data mining. However, existing approaches are sensitive to outliers and noise due to the utilization of the squared loss function in measuring the quality of graph regularization and data reconstruction. In this paper, we present a novel robust graph regularized NMF ... Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a matrix decomposition method based on the square loss function. To exploit cancer information, cancer gene expression data often uses the NMF method to reduce dimensionality. Gene expression data usually have some noise and outliers, while the original NMF loss function is very sensitive to non-Gaussian noise. To improve the robustness and clustering ... Oct 23, 2017 · Nonnegative matrix factorization and its graph regularized extensions have received significant attention in machine learning and data mining. However, existing approaches are sensitive to outliers and noise due to the utilization of the squared loss function in measuring the quality of graph regularization and data reconstruction. In this paper, we present a novel robust graph regularized NMF ... Sep 28, 2019 · Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Equation. Matrix Factorization form for clustering. Here, “X” is my data matrix which represents the data points in d-dimensions, where I have total “n ... Nov 20, 2020 · Non-negative Matrix factorization (NMF) , which maps the high dimensional text representation to a lower-dimensional representation, has become popular in text clustering due to its capability to learn part-based lower-order representation where groups can be identified accurately [1, 14]. Though the decomposed factor matrices are considerably ... Nov 1, 2021 · Abstract. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a dimension reduction method that extracts semantic features from high-dimensional data. Most of the developed optimization methods for NMF only pay attention to how each feature vector of factorized matrices should be modeled, and ignore the relationships among feature vectors. Mar 19, 2022 · 3 min read. ·. Mar 19, 2022. Non-negative Matrix Factorization or NMF is a method used to factorize a non-negative matrix, X, into the product of two lower rank matrices, A and B, such that AB ... Jul 2, 2010 · Background Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is an unsupervised learning technique that has been applied successfully in several fields, including signal processing, face recognition and text mining. Recent applications of NMF in bioinformatics have demonstrated its ability to extract meaningful information from high-dimensional data such as gene expression microarrays. Developments in ... Oct 1, 2017 · A non-negative matrix factorization approach to extract heart sounds from mixtures composed of heart and lung sounds is addressed. Specifically, three contributions motivated by the clustering principle are presented in this work: two of these clusterings are based on spectral content and one is based on temporal content in order to ... 1. In non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), the problem is to minimize A − W H. Dimensions are A (m x n), W (m, k) and H (k, n). The matrix H reveals soft clustering assignments of n items over k clusters, and is called clustering indicator matrix. Values in H are constrained to have nonnegative numbers. Aug 6, 2018 · Non-negative matrix factorization with custom clustering: NMFk. NMF is a well-known unsupervised machine learning method created for parts-based representation 19,20 that has been successfully ... Aug 1, 2021 · Recently semi-supervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has received a lot of attentions in computer vision, information retrieval and pattern recognition, because that partial label information can produce considerable improvement in learning accuracy of the algorithms. However, the existing semi-supervised NMF algorithms cannot make ... Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a data mining technique that splits data matrices by imposing restrictions on the elements' non-negativity into two matrices: one representing the data partitions and the other to represent the cluster prototypes of the data set.Jan 12, 2021 · Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), as an efficient and intuitive dimension reduction algorithm, has been successfully applied to clustering tasks. However, there are still two dominating limitations. First, the original NMF only pays attention to the global data structure, ignoring the intrinsic geometry of the original higher-dimensional data. Second, the traditional pairwise distance ... Nov 19, 2021 · Non-negative factorization (NNMF) does not return group labels for the entries in the original matrix. However, just like with principal component analysis (PCA), the clustering step can be performed afterwards using k-means or some other clustering technique. Hence NNMF might be a useful step, but itself is not a method for finding clusters in ... Mar 10, 2021 · Matrix factorization, as a method of unsupervised learning, is another efficient method for cell clustering and is excellent in data dimension reduction or the extraction of latent factors. In particular, non-negative matrix factorization(NMF) (Lee & Seung, 1999) is a suitable method for dimension reduction to extract the features of gene ... May 18, 2016 · Often data can be represented as a matrix, e.g., observations as rows and variables as columns, or as a doubly classified contingency table. Researchers may be interested in clustering the observations, the variables, or both. If the data is non-negative, then Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) can be used to perform the clustering. May 18, 2016 · Often data can be represented as a matrix, e.g., observations as rows and variables as columns, or as a doubly classified contingency table. Researchers may be interested in clustering the observations, the variables, or both. If the data is non-negative, then Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) can be used to perform the clustering. Apr 16, 2013 · Background Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been introduced as an important method for mining biological data. Though there currently exists packages implemented in R and other programming languages, they either provide only a few optimization algorithms or focus on a specific application field. There does not exist a complete NMF package for the bioinformatics community, and in ...
Jun 1, 2012 · As two popular matrix factorization techniques, concept factorization (CF) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) have achieved excellent results in multi-view clustering tasks. Compared with multi-view NMF, multi-view CF not only removes the non-negative constraint but also utilizes the idea of the kernel to learn the latent ... . Hinkle fenner funeral home obituaries
A Model-based Approach to Attributed Graph Clustering (SIGMOID 2012) ; Zhiqiang Xu, Yiping Ke, Yi Wang, Hong Cheng, and James Cheng [Matlab Reference] . Overlapping Community Detection Using Bayesian Non-negative Matrix Factorization (Physical Review E 2011) ; Ionnis Psorakis, Stephen Roberts, Mark Ebden, and Ben ... A python program that applies a choice of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms to a dataset for clustering. clustering matrix-factorization least-squares topic-modeling nmf alternating-least-squares nonnegative-matrix-factorization active-set multiplicative-updates. Updated on Jun 10, 2019. Python. Non-negative factorization (NNMF) does not return group labels for the entries in the original matrix. However, just like with principal component analysis (PCA), the clustering step can be performed afterwards using k-means or some other clustering technique. Hence NNMF might be a useful step, but itself is not a method for finding clusters in ...Jan 7, 2020 · Community detection is a critical issue in the field of complex networks. Capable of extracting inherent patterns and structures in high dimensional data, the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method has become one of the hottest research topics in community detection recently. However, this method has a significant drawback; most community detection methods using NMF require the number ... May 4, 2020 · To integrate this information, one often utilizes the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) scheme which can reduce the data from different views into the subspace with the same dimension. Motivated by the clustering performance being affected by the distribution of the data in the learned subspace, a tri-factorization-based NMF model with an ... May 18, 2016 · Often data can be represented as a matrix, e.g., observations as rows and variables as columns, or as a doubly classified contingency table. Researchers may be interested in clustering the observations, the variables, or both. If the data is non-negative, then Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) can be used to perform the clustering. Nov 1, 2022 · An orthogonal deep non-negative matrix factorization (Deep-NMF) framework that aims to learn the non-linear parts-based representation for multi-view data is proposed. • The T-SNE visualizations of the features learned by the proposed Deep-NMF and its counterpart ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed framework for multi-view clustering. • Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) provides a lower rank approximation of a nonnegative matrix, and has been successfully used as a clustering method. In this paper, we offer some conceptual understanding for the capabilities and shortcomings of NMF as a clustering method.Given non-negative matrix X, NMF basically finds two non-negative matrices(W,H) whose product approximates X [24]. The reason why NMF has become so popular is because of its ability to automatically extract sparse and easily interpretable factors in high-dimensional spaces. NMF inherently follows a spectral clustering and if we find the Nov 1, 2022 · An orthogonal deep non-negative matrix factorization (Deep-NMF) framework that aims to learn the non-linear parts-based representation for multi-view data is proposed. • The T-SNE visualizations of the features learned by the proposed Deep-NMF and its counterpart ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed framework for multi-view clustering. • A Model-based Approach to Attributed Graph Clustering (SIGMOID 2012) ; Zhiqiang Xu, Yiping Ke, Yi Wang, Hong Cheng, and James Cheng [Matlab Reference] . Overlapping Community Detection Using Bayesian Non-negative Matrix Factorization (Physical Review E 2011) ; Ionnis Psorakis, Stephen Roberts, Mark Ebden, and Ben ... Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). Find two non-negative matrices, i.e. matrices with all non-negative elements, (W, H) whose product approximates the non-negative matrix X. This factorization can be used for example for dimensionality reduction, source separation or topic extraction. The objective function is:We show that the Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the non-negative factors is the solution to a weighted regularized non-negative matrix factorization problem. We subsequently derive update rules that converge towards an optimal solution. Third, we apply the PNMF to cluster and classify DNA microarrays data. .
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